Home  ›  On the Decay of the Art of Lying Theme

On the Decay of the Art of Lying Theme

Written By Friday, May 6, 2022 Add Comment Edit

Attraction to dead bodies

Not to be confused with Necrophila, a genus of beetles.

Medical condition

Necrophilia
Pietro Pajetta - Der Hass - 1896.jpg
The Hatred, painted by the artist Pietro Pajetta, 1896.
Specialty Psychiatry

Necrophilia, also known equally necrophilism, necrolagnia, necrocoitus, necrochlesis, and thanatophilia,[1] is sexual attraction towards or a sexual act involving corpses. Information technology is classified every bit a paraphilia by the Earth Wellness Organization (WHO) in its International Classification of Diseases (ICD) diagnostic manual, likewise every bit past the American Psychiatric Association[2] in its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM).

Origins of term [edit]

Various terms for the criminal offence of corpse-violation animate sixteenth- through nineteenth-century works on law and legal medicine.[iii] The plural term "nécrophiles" was coined by Belgian medico Joseph Guislain in his lecture series, Leçons Orales Sur Les Phrénopathies, given around 1850, nigh the contemporary necrophiliac François Bertrand:[4]

It is within the category of the subversive madmen [aliénés destructeurs] that one needs to situate certain patients to whom I would like to requite the name of necrophiliacs [nécrophiles]. The alienists have adopted, as a new form, the case of Sergeant Bertrand, the disinterrer of cadavers on whom all the newspapers accept recently reported. However, don't think that we are dealing hither with a grade of phrenopathy which appears for the showtime time. The ancients, in speaking about lycanthropy, accept cited examples to which one tin can more or less relate the case which has simply at present attracted the public attending so strongly.

Psychiatrist Bénédict Morel popularised the term virtually a decade subsequently when discussing Bertrand.[ii]

History [edit]

In the ancient earth, sailors returning corpses to their dwelling house country were ofttimes accused of necrophilia.[5] Singular accounts of necrophilia in history are sporadic, though written records propose the practice was present inside Aboriginal Egypt. Herodotus writes in The Histories that, to discourage intercourse with a corpse, ancient Egyptians left deceased beautiful women to disuse for "three or iv days" before giving them to the embalmers.[vi] [7] [8] Herodotus too alluded to suggestions that the Greek tyrant Periander had defiled the corpse of his wife, employing a metaphor: "Periander baked his breadstuff in a cold oven."[nine] Acts of necrophilia are depicted on ceramics from the Moche culture, which reigned in northern Republic of peru from the offset to eighth century CE.[10] A mutual theme in these artifacts is the masturbation of a male skeleton by a living woman.[11] Hittite police force from the 16th century BC through to the 13th century BC explicitly permitted sex with the dead.[12] In what is now Northeast Cathay, the indigenous Xianbei emperor Murong Xi (385–407) of the Subsequently Yan state had intercourse with the corpse of his dearest empress Fu Xunying, after the latter was already cold and put into the coffin.[13]

In Renaissance Italy, following the reputed moral plummet brought well-nigh by the Black Death and before the Roman Inquisition of the Counter-Reformation, literature was replete with sexual references; these include necrophilia, as in the ballsy poem Orlando Innamorato past Matteo Maria Boiardo, first published in 1483.[xiv] In a notorious modernistic example, American serial killer Jeffrey Dahmer was a necrophiliac. Dahmer wanted to create a sex slave who would mindlessly consent to whatever he wanted. When his attempts failed, and his male person victim died, he would keep the corpse until it decomposed across recognition, continuously masturbating and performing sexual intercourse on the body.[fifteen] To be aroused, he had to murder his male person victims earlier performing sexual intercourse with them. Dahmer stated that he but killed his victims because they wanted to leave after having sex activity, and would be aroused with him for drugging them.[sixteen]

More modern necrophiliacs include Scottish serial killer Dennis Nilsen,[17] and David Fuller, who is considered the worst offender of this kind in British legal history.[eighteen]

Havelock Ellis, in his 1903 volume of Studies of the Psychology of Sexual practice, believed that necrophilia was related to algolagnia, in that both involve the transformation of a supposed negative emotion, such as anger, fear, disgust, or grief, into sexual desire.[nineteen]

Classification [edit]

In the Diagnostic and Statistical Transmission of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5), recurrent, intense sexual interest in corpses tin can be diagnosed under Other Specified Paraphilic Disorder (necrophilia) when it causes marked distress or impairment in important areas of performance.[20]

Forensic Psychologist Anil Aggrawal introduced a x tier classification of necrophiliacs based on increasing severity of disorder.[21]

Class Name Characteristics
Form I Function players People who get aroused when pretending their partner is dead during sexual activeness.
Course 2 Romantic necrophiliacs Bereaved people who remain fastened to their expressionless lover's body.
Grade III Necrophiliac fantasizers People who fantasise about necrophilia, merely do not physically collaborate with corpses.
Class 4 Tactile necrophiliacs People who are aroused by touching or stroking a corpse, without engaging in intercourse.
Class Five Fetishistic necrophiliacs People who remove objects or body parts from a corpse for sexual fetishes, without engaging in intercourse.
Course VI Necromutilomaniacs People who derive pleasure from mutilating a corpse while masturbating, without engaging in intercourse.
Class Seven Opportunistic necrophiliacs People who normally have no interest in necrophilia, merely take the opportunity when information technology arises.
Grade VIII Regular necrophiliacs People who preferentially have intercourse with the dead.
Course IX Homicidal necrophiliacs Necrosadists,[22] people who murder someone in lodge to have sex with the victim.
Form X Sectional necrophiliacs People who have an exclusive involvement in sex activity with the expressionless, and cannot perform at all for a living partner.

Additionally, criminologist Lee Mellor's typology of homicidal necrophiliacs consists of eight categories (A–H) and is based on the combination of two behavioural axes: destructive (offender mutilates the corpse for sexual reasons) – preservative (offender does not), and cold (offender used the corpse sexually two hours or more than after death) – warm (offender used the corpse sexually less than ii hours later death).[23] This renders four categories (A-D) to which Mellor adds an additional four (Due east-H):

  • Category A (cold/destructive), e.g. Ted Bundy, Jeffrey Dahmer
  • Category B (cold/preservative), e.g. Gary Ridgway, Dennis Nilsen, Carl Tanzler
  • Category C (warm/destructive) due east.thousand. Andrei Chikatilo, Joseph Vacher
  • Category D (warm/preservative) e.g. Robert Yates, Earle Nelson
  • Category Due east (dabblers) e.k. Richard Ramirez, Mark Dixie
  • Category F (catathymic⁠ ⁠— impulsively and explosively lashing out)
  • Category G (sectional necromutilophiles) e.chiliad. Robert Napper, Peter Sutcliffe
  • Category H (sexual cannibals & vampires) e.g. Albert Fish, Peter Kürten[23]

Dabblers accept transitory opportunistic sexual relations with corpses, just do non adopt them. Catathymic necrophiliacs commit postmortem sex acts simply while in a sudden impulsive land. Exclusive necromutilophiles derive pleasure purely from mutilating the corpse, while sexual cannibals and vampires are sexually aroused by eating human torso parts. Category A, C, and F offenders may also cannibalise or drink the claret of their victims.[23]

Research [edit]

Humans [edit]

Necrophilia is often causeless to be rare, but no data for its prevalence in the full general population exists.[24] Some necrophiliacs just fantasise near the act, without carrying it out. [25] In 1958, Klaf and Chocolate-brown commented that, although rarely described, necrophiliac fantasies may occur more often than is mostly supposed.[eight]

Rosman and Resnick (1989) reviewed 123 cases of necrophilia. The sample was divided into genuine necrophiliacs, who had a persistent attraction to corpses, and pseudo-necrophiliacs, who acted out of opportunity, sadism, or transient interest. Of the total, 92% were male person and 8% were female. 57% of the genuine necrophiliacs had occupational access to corpses, with morgue attendants, hospital orderly, and cemetery employees being the most common jobs. The researchers theorised that either of the following situations could be antecedents to necrophilia:[25]

  1. The necrophiliac develops poor cocky-esteem, maybe due in role to a meaning loss;
    (a) They are very fearful of rejection past others and they desire a sexual partner who is incapable of rejecting them; and/or
    (b) They are fearful of the dead, and transform their fear—by means of reaction formation—into a desire.
  2. They develop an exciting fantasy of sex with a corpse, sometimes subsequently exposure to a corpse.

Motives [edit]

The most common motive for necrophiliacs is the possession of a partner who is unable to resist or decline them. However, in the by, necrophiliacs have expressed having more than i motive.[26]

The authors reported that of their sample of 34 18-carat necrophiliacs:[27]

  • 68% were motivated by a desire for a non-resisting and non-rejecting partner
  • 21% were motivated by a want for a reunion with a lost partner
  • xv% were motivated by sexual allure to expressionless people
  • 15% were motivated by a desire for comfort or to overcome feelings of isolation
  • 12% were motivated past a want to remedy low self-esteem by expressing power over a corpse

Lesser common motives include:

  • Unavailability of a living partner
  • Compensation for a fear of women
  • Conventionalities that sexual activity with a living adult female is a mortal sin
  • Need to achieve a feeling of total control over a sexual partner
  • Compliance with a command hallucination
  • Performance of a series of destructive acts
  • Expression of polymorphous perverse sexual desires
  • Need to perform limitless sexual activity[26]

IQ information was limited, merely not abnormally low. About half of the sample had a personality disorder, and xi% of true necrophiliacs were psychotic. Rosman and Resnick concluded that their data challenged the conventional view of necrophiliacs every bit generally psychotic, mentally scarce, or unable to obtain a consenting partner.[25]

Other animals [edit]

Necrophilia has been observed in mammals, birds, reptiles and frogs.[29] In 1960, Robert Dickerman described necrophilia in ground squirrels, which he termed "Davian behaviour" in reference to a limerick about a necrophiliac miner named Dave. The characterization is still used for necrophilia in animals.[30] Certain species of arachnids and insects practice sexual cannibalism, where the female cannibalises her male mate before, during, or after copulation.

Kees Moeliker made an ascertainment while he was sitting in his part at the Natural History Museum Rotterdam, when he heard the distinctive thud of a bird striking the glass facade of the building. Upon inspection, he discovered a drake (male) mallard lying dead outside the building. Side by side to the downed bird, a second drake mallard was standing close by. As Moeliker observed the couple, the living drake pecked at the corpse of the dead one for a few minutes and so mounted the corpse and began copulating with information technology. The human action of necrophilia lasted for about 75 minutes, in which time, according to Moeliker, the living drake took two short breaks before resuming with copulating behaviour. Moeliker surmised that at the fourth dimension of the collision with the window the 2 mallards were engaged in a common pattern in duck behaviour chosen "attempted rape flight". "When one died the other one only went for it and didn't get whatever negative feedback – well, didn't get whatever feedback," according to Moeliker.[31] [32] Necrophilia had previously but been reported in heterosexual mallard pairs.[31]

In a short paper known as "Sexual Habits of the Adélie Penguin", accounted likewise shocking for contemporary publication, George Murray Levick described "fiddling hooligan bands" of penguins mating with dead females in the Cape Adare rookery, the largest group of Adélie penguins, in 1911 and 1912.[33] [34] This is nowadays ascribed to lack of experience of young penguins; a dead female, with eyes half-closed, closely resembles a compliant female.[35] A gentoo penguin was observed attempting to have intercourse with a dead penguin in 1921.[36]

A male New Zealand sea lion was once observed attempting to copulate with a dead female person New Zealand fur seal in the wild. The sea lion nudged the seal repeatedly, so mounted her and made several pelvic thrusts. Approximately x minutes later, the sea panthera leo became disturbed by the researcher's presence, dragged the corpse of the seal into the water, and swam away while holding it.[37] A male bounding main otter was observed property a female sea otter underwater until she drowned before repeatedly copulating with her carcass. Several months later, the aforementioned body of water otter was again observed copulating with the carcass of a different female.[38] Copulation with a dead female pilot whale by a convict male pilot whale has been observed,[39] and possible sexual behaviour betwixt ii male person humpback whales, 1 dead, has also been reported.[forty]

In 1983, a male rock pigeon was observed to exist copulating with the corpse of a pigeon that shortly before had its caput crushed past a car.[41] [42] In 2001, a researcher laid out sand martin corpses to attract flocks of other sand martins. In each of half dozen trials, 1–5 individuals from flocks of 50–500 were observed attempting to copulate with the expressionless sand martins. This occurred one to two months subsequently the breeding season; since copulation outside the breeding season is uncommon amid birds, the researcher speculated that the lack of resistance by the corpses stimulated the behaviour.[43] Charles Brown observed at least ten cliff swallows attempt to copulate with a route-killed cliff swallow in the space of 15 minutes. He commented, "This isn't the first time I've seen cliff swallows do this; the bright orangish rump sticking upward seems to be all the stimulus these birds demand."[44] Necrophilia has as well been reported in the European swallow, grey-backed sparrow-lark, Stark's lark,[34] and the snow goose.[45] A Norwegian television report showed a male hybrid betwixt a black grouse and western capercaillie impale a male black grouse before attempting to copulate with it.[43] In 2015, due to piece of work done by the University of Washington, it was plant that crows would commit necrophilia on dead crow corpses in about iv% of encounters with corpses.[46]

A male person Ameiva ameiva mounts a dead female and attempts to pair cloacae.[30]

Necrophilia has been documented in various lizard species, including Ameiva ameiva,[xxx] [47] the leopard cadger,[48] and Holbrookia maculata.[49] In that location are two reports of necrophilic behaviour in the sleepy lizard (Tiliqua rugosa). In one, the partner of a male lizard got caught in fencing wire and died. The male continued to display courtship behaviour towards his partner two days afterward her expiry. This cadger'due south necrophilia was believed to stem from its strong monogamous bond.[50] In one written report of blackness and white tegu lizards, 2 different males were observed attempting to court and copulate with a single female person corpse on two consecutive days. On the first mean solar day, the corpse was freshly dead, but by the second day information technology was bloating and emitting a potent putrid odor. The researcher attributed the behaviour to sex pheromones still acting on the carcass.[28]

Male garter snakes ofttimes copulate with dead females.[51] [52] I case has been reported in the Bothrops jararaca snake with a dead Southward American rattlesnake.[53] [54] The prairie rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis) and Helicops carinicauda snake accept both been seen attempting to mate with decapitated females, presumably attracted past still-active sexual practice pheromones.[54] [55] Male crayfish sometimes copulate with dead crayfish of either sex, and in one observation with a dead crayfish of a unlike species.[56] [57]

In anurans, it has been observed in the foothill yellow-legged frog,[58] the yellow fire-bellied toad,[59] the common frog,[60] the Oregon spotted frog,[61] the mutual Asian Toad,[62] Dendropsophus columbianus,[63] and Rhinella jimi.[64] The moving picture Cane Toads: An Unnatural History shows a male toad copulating with a female toad that had been run over by a machine for eight hours.[65] Necrophilic amplexus in frogs may occur because males will mount any pliable object the size of an developed female. If the mounted object is a live frog not appropriate for mating, it will vibrate its body or vocalise a telephone call to be released. Dead frogs cannot do this, so they may be held for hours.[sixty] The Amazonian frog Rhinella proboscidea sometimes practices what has been termed "functional necrophilia": a male grasps the corpse of a dead female and squeezes information technology until its oocytes are ejected before fertilising them.[66]

Treatment [edit]

Treatment for necrophilia is similar to that prescribed for most paraphilias. Likewise advocating treatment of the associated psychopathology, there is little known on the treatment of necrophilia. In that location has not been a sufficient number of necrophiliacs to plant any constructive treatments. Notwithstanding, based on the available data, clinicians are suggested to:

  • Determine whether or not a patient has necrophilia
  • Treat whatsoever psychopathology that is associated with necrophilia
  • Plant psycho-therapeutic rapport
  • Provide male patients with heightened sex drives with anti-androgens
  • Help patients find a normal sexual relationship
  • Help divert the necrophilic fantasies to a living object via desensitization[67]

Case studies [edit]

Jeffrey Dahmer [edit]

Jeffrey Dahmer (1960-1994) was one of the most notorious American series killers, sexual practice offenders, and necrophiliacs. His fascination with death was present from babyhood, during which he reportedly owned a collection of various animal bones. In 1978, Dahmer killed the first of seventeen victims, later admitting to engaging in sexual acts with his victims post-mortem, as well equally cannibalism.

Ted Bundy [edit]

Ted Bundy (1946-1989) was an American serial killer who raped and murdered at least 30 young women during the 1970s. He also confessed to participating in necrophilic acts, challenge to have called secluded disposal sites for his victims' bodies specifically for post-mortem sexual intercourse.[68]

Karen Greenlee [edit]

Karen Greenlee (born 1956) is a necrophilic criminal who was convicted of stealing a 1975 Cadillac hearse at a funeral and having sex with the corpse inside of information technology. She worked as an apprentice embalmer in Sacramento, California. On 17 December 1979, she stole the hearse forth with the torso of a 33-twelvemonth-former man that was inside. She was sentenced to pay a $255 fine and 11 days in prison house.

In 1987, Greenlee gave a detailed interview called "The Unrepentant Necrophile" for Jim Morton'southward (edited past Adam Parafrey) book Apocalypse Civilization. In this interview, she stated that she had a preference for younger men and was attracted to the smell of blood and decease. She considered necrophilia an habit. The interview was held in her apartment, which was plainly a modest studio filled with books, necrophilic drawings, and satanic adornments. She as well had written a confession letter in which she claimed to take abused xx–40 male person corpses. [69]

Dennis Nilsen [edit]

Dennis Nilsen (1945-2018) was a Scottish serial killer and necrophiliac who murdered twelve immature men between 1978 and 1983.

Post-obit the death of his gramps and his mother'due south explanation that the expressionless are in a "ameliorate place," Nilsen adult an clan between death and intimacy, later finding posing equally a corpse a source of sexual arousal. In 1978, Nilsen committed his kickoff murder and enjoyed intercourse with the victim's corpse, keeping the body for months before disposal. Nilsen was reported to have sexually driveling the corpses of various victims until his arrest.[68]

Legality [edit]

Australia [edit]

Necrophilia is not explicitly mentioned in Australian constabulary; nonetheless, under the Crimes Act 1900 – Sect 81C, penalised for misconduct with regard to corpses is any person who:

(a) indecently interferes with any expressionless human trunk, or

(b) improperly interferes with, or offers any indignity to, any dead human trunk or human remains (whether buried or not), and

shall be liable to imprisonment for two years.[70]

Brazil [edit]

Commodity 212 of the Brazilian Penal Lawmaking (federal Prescript-Law No 2.848) states as follows:[71] [72]

Art. 212 – To abuse a cadaver or its ashes:
Penalty: detention, from 1 to 3 years, plus fine.

Although sex with a corpse is not explicitly mentioned, a person who has sex activity with a corpse may be convicted of a law-breaking nether the to a higher place Article. The legal asset protected by such Article is not the corpse'southward objective laurels, but the feeling of good memories, respect, and veneration that living people keep about the deceased person: these persons are considered passive subjects of the corpse'south violation.

India [edit]

Department 297 of the Indian Penal Lawmaking entitled "Trespassing on burial places, etc.", states equally follows:[73]

Whoever, with the intention of wounding the feelings of any person, or of insulting the religion of any person, or with the knowledge that the feelings of any person are likely to exist wounded, or that the faith of whatever person is likely to be insulted thereby, commits any trespass in any identify of worship or on any place of sculpture, or any identify gear up apart from the performance of funeral rites or as a depository for the remains of the expressionless, or offers whatsoever indignity to any man corpse, or causes disturbance to any persons assembled for the functioning of funeral ceremonies, shall exist punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to one yr, or with fine, or with both.

Although sex with a corpse is not explicitly mentioned, a person who has sexual practice with a corpse may exist convicted under the above section. Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code can also exist invoked.

Philippines [edit]

There are no laws which explicitly prohibit sexual acts on corpses. The closest applicable law is the provision in the Revised Penal Code which but criminalizes "defamation to blacken the retention of one who is dead". There were at least efforts to introduce bills criminalizing sexual acts on corpses during the 15th Congress; one past which penalizes sexual acts of males of corpses of women, and some other which covers sexual intercourse, anal sexual practice, and oral sex washed on corpses. Both proposals penalizes the deed with fine and imprisonment.[74]

New Zealand [edit]

Nether Department 150 of the New Zealand Crimes Human action 1961, it is an offence for in that location to be "misconduct in respect to human remains". Subsection (b) elaborates that this applies if someone "improperly or indecently interferes with or offers indignity to any dead human torso or human remains, whether cached or not". This statute is therefore applicable to sexual practice with corpses and carries a potential two-year prison sentence, although there is no relevant case law.[75]

South Africa [edit]

Department fourteen of the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Deed, 2007 prohibits the committee of a sexual act with a corpse.[76] Until codified by the act information technology was a mutual law offence.

Sweden [edit]

Section 16, § ten of the Swedish Penal Code criminalises necrophilia, merely information technology is non explicitly mentioned. Necrophilia falls under the regulations confronting abusing a corpse or grave (Brott mot griftefrid), which carries a maximum sentence of two years in prison. 1 person has been bedevilled of necrophilia. He was sentenced to psychiatric care for that and other crimes, including arson.[77]

U.k. [edit]

Sexual penetration of a corpse was fabricated illegal under the Sexual Offences Deed 2003, carrying a maximum sentence of two years' imprisonment. Prior to 2003, necrophilia was not illegal; even so, exposing a naked corpse in public was classed every bit a public nuisance (R v. Clark [1883] 15 Cox 171).[78]

United States [edit]

There is no federal legislation specifically barring sexual practice with a corpse. Multiple states have their own laws:[79] [80]

State Severity Statute
Alabama Felony (Course C) § 13A-xi-13
Alaska Misdemeanor (Class A) § eleven-61-130
Arizona Felony (Class 4) § 32-1364
Arkansas Felony (Form D) § 5-60-101
California Felony Health and Condom Lawmaking § 7052
Colorado Misdemeanor (Class 2) § xviii-thirteen-101
Connecticut Misdemeanor (Class A) or Felony (Course D) if victim under xvi § 53a-73a
Delaware Misdemeanor (Class A) § 11-5-1332
Florida Felony (second degree) § 872.06
Georgia Felony § 16-half-dozen-seven
Hawaii Misdemeanor § 711–1108
Idaho Misdemeanor § 18-7027
Illinois Felony (Class 2) § 720 ILCS five/12-twenty.6
Indiana Felony (Level 6) § 35-45-11-two
Iowa Felony (Course D) § 709.18
Kansas Misdemeanor § 21-6205
Kentucky Felony (Class D) § 525.120
Louisiana Misdemeanor § LA Rev Stat xiv:101
Maine Felony (Class D) § 17.508
Maryland Misdemeanor § 10-401
Massachusetts North/A N/A
Michigan Misdemeanor § 750.160
Minnesota Misdemeanor § 609.294
Mississippi Felony § 97-29-25
Missouri Felony (Class D) § 194.425
Montana Felony § 45-5-627
Nebraska Felony (Form 4) § 28-1301
Nevada Felony (Form A) NRS § 201.450
New Hampshire Misdemeanor § 644:7
New Jersey Felony (Form three) § 2C:22-1
New Mexico Due north/A N/A
New York Misdemeanor (Class A) § 130.20
North Carolina Felony (class I) § fourteen-401.22(c)
Northward Dakota Misdemeanor (Grade A) § 12.1-20-12 and § 12.ane-xx-02
Ohio Felony (fifth degree) § 2927.01
Oklahoma Felony § 21-1161
Oregon Felony ORS § 166.085
Pennsylvania Misdemeanor (second degree) eighteen Pa. Cons. Stat. § 5510
Rhode Island Felony § eleven-20-i.2
S Carolina Felony § xvi-17-600
South Dakota Due north/A Northward/A
Tennessee Felony (Class Due east) § 39-17-312
Texas State jail felony (since 2017) § 9.42.08[81]
Utah Felony (third degree) § 76-ix-704
Vermont N/A Due north/A
Virginia N/A N/A
Washington Felony (Class C) RCW § 9A.44.105
West Virginia Misdemeanor § 61-8-nine[ failed verification ]
Wisconsin Felony (Form Chiliad) § 940.225 (seven)[82]
Wyoming Felony § 6-4-502

See also [edit]

  • Incidents of necrophilia
  • Necrophilia in popular culture
  • Vulnerability and intendance theory of love
  • Death during consensual sexual activity
  • Somnophilia
  • Paraphilias

Footnotes [edit]

  1. ^ Aggrawal 2016, p. 1.
  2. ^ a b Goodwin, Robin; Cranmer, Duncan, eds. (2002). Inappropriate Relationships: The Unconventional, the Disapproved, and the Forbidden. London, England: Psychology Press. pp. 174–176. ISBN978-0805837421.
  3. ^ Janssen, Diederik F. (June 2020). "Medico-Forensic Pre-Histories of Sexual Perversion: The Case of Necrophilia (c. 1500–c. 1850)". Forensic Science International: Mind and Law. ane: 100025. doi:10.1016/j.fsiml.2020.100025.
  4. ^ Aggrawal 2016, p. 4.
  5. ^ Aggrawal 2016, p. ii.
  6. ^ Herodotus (c. 440 BC) (July 2001). The Histories (Book 2). Archived from the original on 7 Oct 2019. Retrieved 27 Feb 2015. The wives of men of rank when they die are not given at one time to be embalmed, nor such women equally are very cute or of greater regard than others, merely on the tertiary or fourth solar day after their death (and non before) they are delivered to the embalmers. They exercise so about this thing in order that the embalmers may not abuse their women, for they say that one of them was taken one time doing so to the corpse of a woman lately dead, and his swain-craftsman gave information.
  7. ^ Brill, Abraham A. (1941). "Necrophilia". Journal of Criminal Psychopathology. 2 (four): 433–443.
  8. ^ a b Klaf, Franklin Due south.; Brown, William (1958). "Necrophilia: Brief Review and Case Written report". Psychiatric Quarterly. 32 (4): 645–652. doi:10.1007/bf01563024. PMID 13634264. S2CID 7331296. Inhibited forms of necrophilia and necrophiliac fantasies may occur more commonly and then is generally realised.
  9. ^ Aggrawal 2010, pp. 6–7, The primary source is Histories, Volume V, 92.
  10. ^ Finbow, Steve (2014). Grave Want: A Cultural History of Necrophilia. John Hunt Publishing. ISBN9781782793410. Archived from the original on 5 April 2022. Retrieved ane November 2020.
  11. ^ Weismantel, K. (2004). "Moche sex pots: Reproduction and temporality in aboriginal South America" (PDF). American Anthropologist. 106 (three): 495–496. doi:ten.1525/aa.2004.106.3.495. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 August 2014. Retrieved 28 Feb 2015.
  12. ^ Boer, Roland (2014). "From Equus caballus Kissing to Beastly Emissions: Paraphilias in the Ancient Virtually East". In Masterson, Marker (ed.). Sex in Antiquity: Exploring Gender and Sexuality in the Ancient World. Routledge. p. 69. ISBN9781317602774.
  13. ^ Luan Pao-chün (1994). "The Corpse-Raping Emperor". Tales near Chinese Emperors: Their Wild and Wise Ways. Hai Feng Publishing Visitor. pp. 148–?.
  14. ^ Davidson, Nicholas; Dean, Trevor; Lowe, K. J. P. (1994). Crime, Society and the Law in Renaissance Italy. pp. 74–98. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511523410.006. ISBN9780511523410.
  15. ^ "My Friend Dahmer #Full – Read My Friend Dahmer Issue #Full Folio 214". www.comicextra.com. Archived from the original on 22 December 2017. Retrieved twenty December 2017.
  16. ^ "Psychiatric Testimony of Jeffrey Dahmer". Court Transcripts. Criminal Profiling. eight June 2001. Archived from the original on three December 2013. Retrieved 29 November 2012.
  17. ^ Masters, Brian (1985). Killing For Company. Arrow. ISBN978-0099552611.
  18. ^ Dodd, Vikram; Grierson, Jamie (4 Nov 2021). "David Fuller: man admits two murders and sexual abuse of multiple corpses". The Guardian. Archived from the original on five Nov 2021. Retrieved 5 November 2021.
  19. ^ Ellis, Havelock. ""Half dozen. Why is Pain a Sexual Stimulant?—It is the Most Effective Method of Arousing Emotion—Anger and Fearfulness the Most Powerful Emotions—Their Biological Significance in Courtship—Their General and Special Effects in Stimulating the Organism—Grief equally a Sexual Stimulant—The Physiological Mechanism of Fatigue Renders Pain Pleasurable."". Studies in the Psychology of Sex activity (ePub). Vol. 3. ISBN978-1426472770. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 9 July 2021. Sergeant Bertrand, the classical example of necrophily, began to masturbate at the age of 9, stimulating a sexual impulse which may take been congenitally feeble past accompanying thoughts of sick-treating women. It was not till afterward that he began to imagine that the women were corpses. The sadistic thoughts were only incidents in the emotional development, and the real object throughout was to procure potent emotion and not to inflict cruelty.
  20. ^ American Psychiatric Association, ed. (2013). "Other Specified Paraphilic Disorder, 302.89 (F65.89)". Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. American Psychiatric Publishing. p. 705.
  21. ^ Aggrawal, Anil (2009). "A new classification of necrophilia". Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine. sixteen (6): 316–20. doi:ten.1016/j.jflm.2008.12.023. PMID 19573840. (subscription required)
  22. ^ Purcell & Arrigo 2006, p. 21.
  23. ^ a b c Mellor, Lee (2016). Homicide: A Forensic Psychology Casebook. Boca Raton, FL: CRC. pp. 103–105.
  24. ^ Milner, J. S., Dopke, C. A., & Crouch, J. L. (2008). "Paraphilia Not Otherwise Specified: Psychopathology and Theory". In Laws, D. Richard (ed.). Sexual Deviance: Theory, Assessment, and Handling, 2d edition. The Guilford Press. p. 399. {{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  25. ^ a b c Rosman, J. P.; Resnick, P. J. (ane June 1989). "Sexual allure to corpses: A psychiatric review of necrophilia" (PDF/HTML). Bulletin of the American University of Psychiatry and the Law. Bloomfield, Connecticut: American Academy of Psychiatry and the Constabulary. 17 (2): 153–163. PMID 2667656. Archived from the original on 16 December 2019. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
  26. ^ a b Resnick, Phillip J.; Soliman, Sherif (September 2012). "Planning, writing, and editing forensic psychiatric reports". International Journal of Police force and Psychiatry. Montreal, Quebec, Canada: Elsevier. 35 (5–6): 412–417. doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2012.09.019. ISSN 0160-2527. PMID 23040708.
  27. ^ Rosman, J. P.; Resnick, P. J. (1 June 1989). "Sexual attraction to corpses: A psychiatric review of necrophilia" (PDF/HTML). Message of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law. Bloomfield, Connecticut: American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law. 17 (2): 153–163. PMID 2667656. Archived from the original on 16 December 2019. Retrieved 8 Dec 2013.
  28. ^ a b Sazima, I. (2015). "Corpse helpmate irresistible: a dead female tegu cadger (Salvator merianae) courted by males for two days at an urban park in South-eastern Brazil". Herpetology Notes. 8: 15–xviii. Archived from the original on 23 February 2015. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
  29. ^ de Mattos Brito, Fifty. B., Joventino, I. R., Ribeiro, S. C., & Cascon, P. (2012). "Necrophiliac behaviour in the "Cururu" toad, Rhinella Jimi Steuvax, 2002, (Anura, Bufonidae) from Northeastern Brazil" (PDF). North-Western Journal of Zoology. eight (2): 365. Archived (PDF) from the original on v February 2015. Retrieved 23 February 2015. {{cite periodical}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors listing (link)
  30. ^ a b c Costa, H. C., da Silva, East. T., Campos, P. Southward., da Cunha Oliveira, M. P., Nunes, A. Five., & da Silva Santos, P. (2010). "The corpse bride: a example of Davian behaviour in the green ameiva (Ameiva ameiva) in southeastern Brazil" (PDF). Herpetology Notes. three: 79–83. Archived (PDF) from the original on four March 2016. Retrieved 23 Feb 2015. {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  31. ^ a b C.West. Moeliker (2001). "The first example of homosexual necrophilia in the Anas platyrhynchos (Aves:Anatidae)" (PDF). Deinsea – Annual of the Natural History Museum Rotterdam. 8: 243–247. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 May 2014. Retrieved vii December 2013.
  32. ^ Donald MacLeod (8 March 2005). "Necrophilia among ducks ruffles research feathers". London: Guardian Unlimited. Archived from the original on 7 Dec 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2007.
  33. ^ McKie, Robin (nine June 2012). "'Sexual depravity' of penguins that Antarctic scientist dared not reveal". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 5 October 2013. Retrieved nine June 2012.
  34. ^ a b Russell, D. G. D.; Sladen, Due west. J. L.; Ainley, D. G. (2012). "Dr. George Murray Levick (1876–1956): Unpublished notes on the sexual habits of the Adélie penguin". Polar Record. 48 (4): 1. doi:10.1017/S0032247412000216. S2CID 146584734.
  35. ^ McKie, Robin (9 June 2012). "'Sexual depravity' of penguins that Antarctic scientist dared non reveal". Guardian.co.uk. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013.
  36. ^ Bagshawe, T. W. (1938). "Notes on the Habits of the Gentoo and Ringed or Antarctic Penguins". The Transactions of the Zoological Society of London. 24 (3): 209. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1938.tb00391.x.
  37. ^ Wilson, G. J. (1979). "Hooker'due south bounding main lions in southern New Zealand". New Zealand Periodical of Marine and Freshwater Enquiry. thirteen (3): 373–375. doi:10.1080/00288330.1979.9515812.
  38. ^ Harris, H. S., Oates, S. C., Staedler, M. Grand., Tinker, M. T., Jessup, D. A., Harvey, J. T., & Miller, M. A. (2010). "Lesions and behaviour associated with forced copulation of juvenile Pacific harbor seals (Phoca Vitulina Richardsi) by southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis)" (PDF). Aquatic Mammals. 36 (4): 338. doi:x.1578/am.36.4.2010.331. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 Feb 2015. Retrieved 25 February 2015. {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  39. ^ Brown, D. H. (1962). "Further observations on the airplane pilot whale in captivity". Zoologica. 47 (1): 59–64.
  40. ^ Pack, A. A., Salden, D. R., Ferrari, Grand. J., Glockner‐Ferrari, D. A., Herman, L. M., Stubbs, H. A., & Straley, J. K. (1998). "Male person humpback whale dies in competitive group". Marine Mammal Science. 14 (4): 861–873. doi:ten.1111/j.1748-7692.1998.tb00771.x. {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  41. ^ Slavid, Evelyn; Taylor, Julie (1987). "Feral Rock Dove displaying to and attempting to copulate with corpse of another" (PDF). British Birds. 8 (10): 497. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 February 2015. Retrieved 23 Feb 2015.
  42. ^ "Randy rock doves join party with the expressionless". The Guardian. London. 14 March 2005. Archived from the original on 7 December 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2007.
  43. ^ a b Dale, S. (2001). "Necrophilic behaviour, corpses as nuclei of resting flock formation, and road-kills of Sand Martins Riparia riparia" (PDF). Ardea. 89 (iii): 545–547.
  44. ^ Charles Robert Dark-brown (1998). Eat Summer . University of Nebraska Printing. p. 143. ISBN9780803261457.
  45. ^ McKinney, F., & Evarts, S. (1998). "Sexual compulsion in waterfowl and other birds". Ornithological Monographs (49): 163–195. doi:ten.2307/40166723. JSTOR 40166723. {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) The primary source (Gauthier & Tardif, 1991 Archived 25 February 2022 at the Wayback Machine) states that "a paired male attempted to mount a recently shot bird used to attract other geese."
  46. ^ Yong, Ed (xviii July 2018). "Crows Sometimes Have Sex With Their Dead". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 27 July 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
  47. ^ Vitt, L.J. (2003). "Life versus sex: the ultimate choice". Lizards: Windows to the Evolution of Diversity. University of California Press. p. 103.
  48. ^ Fallahpour, K. (2005). "Gambelia wislizenii. Necrophilia". Herpetological Review. 36: 177–178. Cited in Sazima (2015).
  49. ^ Brinker, A.M, Bucklin, Southward.E. (2006). "Holbrookia maculata. Necrophilia". Herpetological Review. 37: 466. {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Cited in Sazima (2015).
  50. ^ Balderdash, C. Michael (2000). "Monogamy in lizards" (PDF). Behavioural Processes. 51 (1): 12. doi:10.1016/s0376-6357(00)00115-7. PMID 11074308. S2CID 24077253. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 February 2015. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
  51. ^ Shine, R., O'Connor, D., & Bricklayer, R. T. (2000). "Sexual conflict in the snake den" (PDF). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 48 (v): 397. doi:10.1007/s002650000255. S2CID 7326402. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 June 2010. Retrieved 25 February 2015. {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  52. ^ Joy, J. E., & Crews, D. (1985). "Social dynamics of group courtship behavior in male red-sided garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis)". Journal of Comparative Psychology. 99 (2): 148. doi:x.1037/0735-7036.99.two.145. PMID 4006433. {{cite periodical}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  53. ^ Amaral. A. (1932). "Contribuição à biologia dos ophidios exercise Brasil. 4. Sobre um caso de necrophilia heterologa na jararaca (Bothrops jararaca)". Memórias do Instituto de Butantan. seven: 93–94. Cited in Costa et al. (2010).
  54. ^ a b Klauber, Laurence Monroe (1972). Rattlesnakes: Their Habits, Life Histories, and Influence on Flesh, Volume 1. University of California Press. p. 718. ISBN9780520017757.
  55. ^ Santos, Southward. M. A., Siqueira, R., Coeti, R. Z., Cavalheri, D., & Trevine, V. (2015). "The sexual attractiveness of the corpse bride: unusual mating behaviour of Helicops carinicaudus (Serpentes: Dipsadidae)". Herpetology Notes. 8: 643–647. Archived from the original on 14 April 2016. Retrieved 31 March 2016. {{cite periodical}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  56. ^ Pearse, A. Southward. (1909). "Observations on copulation among crawfishes with special reference to sex recognition". American Naturalist. 43 (516): 752. doi:x.1086/279107. S2CID 85056867.
  57. ^ Andrews, East. A. (1910). "Conjugation in the crayfish, Cambarus affinis". Journal of Experimental Zoology. nine (2): 235–264. doi:10.1002/jez.1400090202. Archived from the original on 6 November 2020. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
  58. ^ Bettaso, J., Haggarthy, A., Russel, E. (2008). "Rana boylii (Foothill Yellow-legged Frog). Necrogamy". Herpetological Review. 39: 462. {{cite periodical}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Cited in Costa et al. (2010).
  59. ^ Sinovas, P. (2009). "Bombina variegata (Xanthous Fire-bellied Toad). Mating Behaviour". Herpetological Review. 40: 199. Cited in Costa et al. (2010).
  60. ^ a b Mollov, I. A., Popgeorgiev, Thou. S., Naumov, B. Y., Tzankov, Northward. D., & Stoyanov, A. Y. (2010). "Cases of abnormal amplexus in anurans (Amphibia: Anura) from Bulgaria and Greece" (PDF). Biharean Biologist. 4 (two): 121–125. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 23 Feb 2015. {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  61. ^ Pearl, C. A., Hayes, M. P., Haycock, R., Engler, J. D., & Bowerman, J. (2005). "Observations of interspecific amplexus betwixt western Northward American ranid frogs and the introduced American bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) and an hypothesis concerning breeding interference". The American Midland Naturalist. 154 (ane): 126–134. doi:10.1674/0003-0031(2005)154[0126:ooiabw]2.0.co;ii. {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  62. ^ Patel, Harshil; Vaghashiya, Pranav; Tank, Shantilal K. (1 Apr 2016). "Necrophiliac Behavior in the Common Asian Toad, Duttaphrynus melanostictus (Schneider, 1799) in Western India". Reptiles & Amphibians. 23 (1): 32–33. doi:10.17161/randa.v23i1.14093. ISSN 2332-4961. Archived from the original on 12 April 2021. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
  63. ^ Bedoya, S. C., Mantilla-Castaño, J. C., & Pareja-Márquez, I. M. (2014). "Necrophiliac and interspecific amplexus in Dendropsophus columbianus (Anura: Hylidae) in the Central Cordillera of Colombia" (PDF). Herpetology Notes. 7: 515–516. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 Feb 2015. Retrieved 23 Feb 2015. {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  64. ^ de Mattos Brito, L. B., Joventino, I. R., Ribeiro, S. C., & Cascon, P. (2012). "Necrophiliac behaviour in the "cururu" toad, Rhinella jimi Steuvax, 2002, (Anura, Bufonidae) from Northeastern Brazil" (PDF). North-Western Journal of Zoology. 8 (2): 365. Archived (PDF) from the original on five February 2015. Retrieved 23 February 2015. {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors listing (link)
  65. ^ Lewis, Stephanie (1989). Pikestaff Toads: an Unnatural History . New York: Doubleday. ISBN9780385265027.
  66. ^ Izzo, T. J., Rodrigues, D. J., Menin, M., Lima, A. P., & Magnusson, W. East. (2012). "Functional necrophilia: a profitable anuran reproductive strategy?". Periodical of Natural History. 46 (47–48): 2961–2967. doi:10.1080/00222933.2012.724720. S2CID 84723383. {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  67. ^ Lazarus, Arnold A. (January 1968). "A case of pseudo-necrophilia treated by behaviour therapy". Journal of Clinical Psychology. 24 (1): 113–115. doi:10.1002/1097-4679(196801)24:1<113::aid-jclp2270240137>iii.0.co;two-q. ISSN 0021-9762. PMID 5639449.
  68. ^ a b Molinari, Christina (August 2005). "NECROPHILIC AND NECROPHAGIC Series KILLERS" (PDF). Florida Gulf Coast University Thesis: 59–60. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 November 2019. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
  69. ^ Crafford, J. Due east. (1990), "The Role of Feral House Mice in Ecosystem Functioning on Marion Island", Antarctic Ecosystems, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 359–364, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-84074-6_40, ISBN9783642840760
  70. ^ "CRIMES ACT 1900 – SECT 81C Misconduct with regard to corpses". www6.austlii.edu.au. Archived from the original on 17 August 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2018.
  71. ^ "Código Penal (Decreto-Lei nº 2.848)". Presidency of the Republic. 7 Dec 1940. Archived from the original on 23 September 2018. Retrieved 7 January 2016.
  72. ^ Costless translation from Brazilian Portuguese to English language.
  73. ^ "The Indian Penal Code (IPC): Dowry Police force Misuse (IPC 448) Past Indian Women". Mynation.cyberspace. Archived from the original on 16 December 2018. Retrieved 7 December 2013.
  74. ^ Esguerra, Christian V. (23 June 2011). "Senate bill to criminalize necrophilia". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on 5 September 2011. Retrieved 26 Feb 2021.
  75. ^ Butterworths Crimes Act 1961: Wellington: Butterworths: 2003
  76. ^ "Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act 32 of 2007" (PDF). December 2007. sec. xiv. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 May 2012.
  77. ^ "Fakta: Nekrofili och brott mot griftefrid". HD (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 9 March 2019. Retrieved 21 September 2017.
  78. ^ Aggrawal 2016, p. 200.
  79. ^ Aggrawal 2010, pp. 201–210.
  80. ^ Posner, Richard A.; Silbaugh, Katharine B. (1996). A Guide to America's Sexual practice Laws. University of Chicago Press. pp. 213–216.
  81. ^ "Texas Penal Code Chapter 42. Disorderly Deport And Related Offenses". Archived from the original on 28 April 2014.
  82. ^ Although the wording is somewhat ambiguous, the Supreme Courtroom of Wisconsin determined this statute applied to "sexual contact or sexual intercourse with a victim already dead at the fourth dimension of the sexual activeness when the accused did not crusade the death of the victim" in Country v. Grunke Archived 9 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine.

Sources [edit]

  • Aggrawal, Anil (2010). Necrophilia: Forensic and Physician-legal Aspects. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN978-1420089127.
  • Aggrawal, Anil (xix Apr 2016). Necrophilia: Forensic and Medico-legal Aspects. CRC Press. ISBN978-1-4200-8913-4.
  • Finbow, Steve (2014). Grave Desire: A Cultural History of Necrophilia. Winchester, United kingdom: Null Books. ISBN978-1-7827-9342-vii.
  • Lee Mellor (2016) Homicide: A Forensic Psychology Casebook. CRC Press. ISBN 9781498731522.
  • Purcell, Catherine; Arrigo, Bruce A. (seven June 2006). The Psychology of Animalism Murder: Paraphilia, Sexual Killing, and Series Homicide. Elsevier. ISBN978-0-08-046257-8.
  • West, Sarah Yard.; Resnick, Phillip J. (2017). "Necrophilia". Unusual and Rare Psychological Disorders: A Handbook for Clinical Exercise and Research. Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-19-024586-iii.

Further reading [edit]

  • Lisa Downing, Desiring the Expressionless: Necrophilia and Nineteenth-Century French Literature. Oxford: Legenda, 2003
  • Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Psychopathia Sexualis. New York: Stein & Mean solar day, 1965. Originally published in 1886.

In literature [edit]

  • Gabrielle Wittkop, The Necrophiliac, 1972
  • Barbara Gowdy, We So Seldom Look on Love, 1992
  • Frank O'Hara, Ode on Necrophilia, 1960

External links [edit]

sanchezandinds.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necrophilia

0 Response to "On the Decay of the Art of Lying Theme"

Post a Comment

Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)

Iklan Atas Artikel

Iklan Tengah Artikel 1

Iklan Tengah Artikel 2

Iklan Bawah Artikel